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High definition endoscopy, also known as white light endoscopy, can realistically describe the gastrointestinal mucosa and is currently the standard mode of endoscopy. Its visualization quality depends on the imaging resolution and magnification function of NBI endoscopy. The resolution and image quality depend on the quality of the objective lens and the pixel density of the photosensitive element (CCD). Standard definition endoscopic images have only about 400000 pixels, while the CCD chip used in high-definition endoscopes has 850000 to over 1 million pixels, and its magnification function does not affect image resolution. High definition endoscopy is currently widely used and has become a clinical standard examination method.

Narrowband imaging endoscopy, also known as endoscopic narrowband imaging (NBI), is an emerging endoscopic technique. Narrowband cold light source imaging uses a filter to filter out the broadband spectrum of the red, blue, and green light waves emitted by the endoscopic light source, leaving only the narrowband spectrum for diagnosing various gastrointestinal diseases. The main advantage of NBI endoscopic technology is that it can not only accurately observe the morphology of the mucosal epithelium of the digestive tract, such as the concave structure of epithelial glands, but also observe the morphology of the epithelial vascular network. This new technology can better assist endoscopists in distinguishing gastrointestinal epithelium, such as intestinal metaplastic epithelium in Barrett's esophagus, changes in vascular morphology in gastrointestinal inflammation, and irregular changes in early tumor glandular folds in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby improving the accuracy of endoscopic diagnosis. Early detection and treatment of diseases are crucial, for example, there is a clear correlation between the prognosis of gastric cancer and the timing of its detection. The 5-year survival rate of early gastric cancer after surgery can reach over 95%, and almost all cases can be cured. However, if it is detected in the middle and late stages, the 5-year survival rate after surgery is only 20%. So, both doctors and ordinary people hope to have a tool that can diagnose digestive diseases painlessly and accurately. In the 1990s, Israeli scientists invented capsule endoscopes. In 2001, Israel's Given Imaging company produced the world's first capsule endoscope and put it into clinical use. This product has caused a huge response worldwide, and it has been favored by the public for its advantages such as painlessness, non invasiveness, safety, and convenience. More and more people are asking doctors: I don't want to do gastroscopy (colonoscopy), can I use capsule endoscopy instead? Is capsule endoscopy really a competitor to traditional digestive endoscopy? Will it completely replace traditional digestive endoscopy? Traditional gastroscopy and colonoscopy techniques are already very mature. It is like an extension of a doctor's eyes and hands, which can enter the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, colon, and rectum of the examinee, observe lesions from various angles and distances, and if necessary, take biopsies for pathological diagnosis. It can also perform endoscopic treatment of polyps and early tumors.